Nanoscopic News

  • A team at Rice University builds a nanoscopic car chassis out of buckyballs and nanotubes. They claim the wheels roll but, some are skeptical.
  • Over at the Georgia Institute of Technology, they hope to domesticate microbes and coax them into building complex circuit elements and other microscopic structures for us more cheaply than photolithography.
  • A month ago at UC Riverside, they announced a molecule that waddles across a surface in a manner similar to those cheap, wind-up toy robots.
  • A private company, ProtoLife, is working to build synthetic organisms, artificial cells, in hopes of turning them into chemical workhorses and tools for medical research. (If we can create life from scratch, what does that tell you about the premise of intelligent design advocates?)
  • Back in September a team at Dartmouth announced a tiny robot built with photolithgraphy. The robot is untethered and controlled from the outside. I wonder if they’ll try using this idea to improve scanning probe microscopy.
  • A team at Queen’s University, Belfast has built tiny logic gates, logic probes and sensors. The hope is one day these tools can be used to build an entire computer only a few nanometers in size.

I guess now that since everyone is back from summer vacation, the last few months have been very busy ones. I always love doing these little news bulletins of things nanoscopic!

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Shameless science fictional speculation

Maybe some of you have read “Dial F for Frankenstein?” In that short story Arthur C Clarke imagines the consequences of a minor technical improvement in the global communications network. Suddenly a new lifeform emerges out of the network and it quickly learns how to protect itself and control its body. Clarke’s story is often cited as an example of what it might be like if a mind were to spontaneously emerge on the Internet.

It is a fun read and a provocative idea but, I think that spontaneous sentience emerging from the Internet is unlikely. This is simply because most computers are used by outside interlopers called humans.

Look at it from the view of neurohistology, imagine you have an primitive, fetal brain developing in the womb. Unlike a normal fetal brain, all the neurons in this brain are enslaved to mysterious parasites that prevent them from doing what they are supposed to do: behave as healthy neurons in a developing fetal brain.

Instead the parasites use the functions of these neurons to do tasks that are completely unrelated to growth and histological development. The parasites let the neurons communicate but the communication has nothing to with normal growth and development. New neurons are allowed to be added to the system but these too are enslaved.

The parasites control all aspects of neural communication, function and processing, the parasites even instruct the neurons to reshape the network and brain suborgans to make them more efficient or optimal for the parasites. All of this is not beneficial or, at best, it’s irrelevant to the original purpose: to make an adult brain.

In the end the fetal brain never organizes into an adult brain, it never gains sentience, let alone sapience. The overall brain structure is severely altered and, from the prospective of a healthy brain, damaged.

See the analogy? Substitute ‘computer” for “neuron” and “user” (human or
software) for “parasite” and you get the idea. In this kind of circumstance, intelligence is unlikely to emerge.

But we could, for example, instruct all the computers to stop being word processors, Counter Strike servers, mail exchanges, torrent servers, website, bank databases, DNS roots and so on and instead have each computer only do one thing: run a simulator–a simulator that mimics everything we know about neurons. These simulators don’t run the TCP/IP protocol. They run a protocol based on everything we know about neural communication, synapses and fetal histological development.

There are several hundred million computers hooked to the Internet.

Some neurologists might disagree but I think that each of these computers is at least as complicated as single neuron cell, perhaps even a group of cells.

The point is, all these computers running the simulation are free to believe like neurons. We could tune the genetic instructions of these simulated neurons to tune the shape of the networks they form and thus mimic the networks and brain organs we see in nature. At some point we can sit back and watch what order and structure emerges.

Of course our global economy would collapse since we can’t use the computers to do our work anymore but, it would be an interesting experiment to try.

Perhaps we could change the Blue Brain code so that it can run as a screen saver on people’s desktop machines, sort of like Seti@Home, Folding@Home or the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search. Something to think about.

Anyway, what do you all think of my crazy analogies? Any real computational neurologists out there to debunk me?

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Bill and Ray call for security by obscurity

About a week or so ago Ray Kurzweil and Bill Joy condemned the publication of the genome of the virus responsible for the flu epidemic of 1918. Kurzweil in particular called for the genome to be censored.

I’m not an pathologist or security expert but this strikes me as security by obscurity and, as such, is destined to fail. Have we learned nothing since 1945? Once someone figures out how to do something, the genie is out of the bottle. Military secrets, especially those involving technology, are fleeting.

The specifications for building nuclear weapons are actually fairly well known. One only has to comb the Web a bit to learn what is necessary and, the few remaining aspects that remain secret can reverse-engineered with CAD and simulation software. If we’re not concerned about efficiency or explosive yield, what worked in 1945 is good enough for any country aspiring to nuclear arms. The only thing that really slows nuclear proliferation is the expense and conspicuousness of the technology needed to build the weapons. Nuclear reactors aren’t cheap and they are obvious. Governments work very hard to search for and track any significant sources of radioactivity. It’s not impossible for well-educated terrorists to build and use a nuclear weapon but, it is very hard for them to do so.

On the other hand, recreating the 1918 flu virus would be easier to hide and cheaper to do. This is part of what Joy and Kurzweil are worried about but, I think the real way to defend civilization is with more openness not more secrets. Wouldn’t it better if the CDC knew all the details of the 1918 virus so as to be better able to develop vaccines and other defenses?

Perhaps I’m misunderstanding Joy and Kurzweil’s position but, looking at it naively, security by obscurity is poor security indeed.

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Thinking about labor and education

Well it’s more than a month since I’ve said anything. Mostly this was writer’s block and other preoccupations. But to resume:

It’s common now for labor to outsourced from countries with high living standards and strong regulation to countries with lower standards of living and weaker regulation. Large businesses do this to reduce their costs. Perhaps some of you out there might disagree with the following but, I think that as the world continues to shrink to due better transportation and communication technology, this process seems unavoidable short of cutting a local economy entirely out of the global one.

The other threat is that technology continues to advance. It continuously creates, destroys and redefines jobs. This process seems much faster now than it did a hundred years ago.

So what can you do? Most of us, unless we have a lot of money, have learned that jobs are not to be relied on. Automation, innovation or cheap foreign labor keep everything in stressful continuous change. It seems to me that the only way to really deal with this is greatly improve training and education. This cost of new education must be cheap enough so that the cost of staying relevant doesn’t prevent people from making a profit and saving for retirement

The problem, at least to me, is that educational methods and technique are terrible. It’s my view that they’ve been only marginally efficient since the Chinese invented printing in 1041 thus making mass literacy and numeracy possible. We’ve invented all kinds tools–free, public libraries, the Internet, educational films and so on–to try to help people to quickly learn new things but it seems that the gaussian curve still prevails. One of the problems is that everyone has highly idiosyncratic ways of learning and comprehension, this makes it certain that some people will find a classroom too slow or too hard.

And as entire industries change in the space of a few months or a few years, this problem is going to be more and more accute. The continual change in the job market drives stress and fear which I think is bad for the political climate. These days it seems that the voting public is mean-spirited and fearful and easily beguiled by demagogues promising easy solutions.

Trying to improve pedagogical methods is one of the hardest problems we face and I don’t really have any answers but I wonder if any of you out there have any ideas?

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Useful stuff to know about XP and Linux

  • coLinux: and open source Linux emulator. Run Linux inside NT5+ without buying VMWare.
  • There are other ways to emulate Linux inside NT5+ with other open source emulators. I really don’t know why I started exploring this, either I multiboot, use Knoppix or run it pure. Well–it might be useful at some point.
  • Run XP from a key drive: I’ve yet to look at this in detail. My initial reaction is that older BIOS won’t support boot from flash storage. I’ll have experiment with this and see. Expect this bullet to be revised later.
  • Still more Windows applications to run from a key drive.
  • Continuing with the them of applications and utilities to run from key drives, freeware and open source tools for Windows.
  • Of course key drives are huge. All the truly hip tools fit on a floppy.
  • Having recently installed the latest version of Trillian, I’ve noticed it’s bloating up. This prompted me to examine an alternative IM tool that might be a bit thinner. Haven’t tried it yet. Expect this bullet to be revised when I do.
  • A primer for people learning XP’s command line, which is different from Win2k’s and NT4’s shell and definitely different from Win9x’s shell.
  • Six or so years ago, I tried to run a Linux workstation within Microsoft’s corporate LAN. It was frustrating but it was a learning experience finally getting it to work the way I wanted. It would have been nice to have some documentation on to use SAMBA in a Windows LAN.
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A few links and a rant about Web applications

First:

Recently I’ve been reading much about AJAX, treating pages as applications, rich interactivity, and hype about the top ten tools of Web 2. As long as these AJAX scripts are designed properly with accessibility in mind, they won’t be consigned to the bad old days of DHTML.

But in general, I agree that it’s true: many applications will sit on the Internet and various dumb and not so dumb boxes will hook to them. This is one of the reasons why Microsoft is hell bent making certain that as many boxes as possible run some form of Microsoft operating system. Some have said that the Internet swallows all operating systems and renders them irrelevant and perhaps there is some truth to this but as long as hardware still matters, business is going to fight over what runs on that hardware.

I have a theory that Microsoft doesn’t really care as much about it’s Web property as it could. Perhaps many might disagree with me but, I think Microsoft has never viewed itself as Yahoo, AOL or Google. It may make deals with other media companies and occasionally buy Web services, but this is really just insurance and leverage to keep others from muscling them off the desktop and out of the interface presented to average folks and their boxes. They may view Google desktop search as a threat but despite Steve Ballmer’s tantrums, I don’t think they’re really that worried. Watchful but not worried.

What I’m guessing is that Microsoft is now going to push very hard to get itself into as many non-computer boxes as possible. The XBox game console is one obvious example of this. Next is mobile phones–at least after mobile phones get as good as mobile phones are in Europe and Asia. They’ve tried several times (Exploratory attempts really.) to offer cable television services and hardware.

They may whine about Linux stealing market in servers but servers don’t really matter to average folks. Clients always vastly outnumber servers. As long as Microsoft can legally get as many of these clients as possible it doesn’t really matter if all the applications move to the Web. If it really gets that bad, they’ll just move MSOffice to a set of server applications which they may or may not offer for other Non-Microsoft server platforms.

In the past they’ve leveraged MSOffice to force people use their operating system or used their operating system force people to use MSOffice. If all major applications move to the Web, they’ll just move that leverage to the Web. The half-hearted attempts into Web services are really just ways to cover their bets. As long as they are number three as a portal site, they’re happy. If a serious threat emerges, they’ll use these hapless Web properties as the new lever and make certain that all new boxes (especially non-computer boxes) have links to these properties as default installations. They don’t care about power users that switch to Google or who decouple their mobile phones, they are just concerned with the naive masses.

Microsoft is playing nice now that they are losing developer share to Firefox. They’ll continue to play nice until that share is won back. They are old hands at this.

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The quality of gaming dice stinks

Friends have shown me and given me casino-legal craps dice. Take a look at the photograph below to see what they look like. Notice that they are transparent, have sharp, nonbeveled edges and don’t have indentation to represent numbers. They are also big. This is so the user and the casino can see that the dice don’t have loads or distorted faces or edges. The plastic is the same density throughout and the user can quickly test that their shape is a true platonic solid. This assures both the player and casino that there is no cheating going on. When money is on the line everything has to be as close to random as allowable by Newton.

A closeup photo of casino-grade craps dice.

Also notice that the dice don’t use Arabic numerals to represent numbers, they use spots. This is traditional and speeds reading their results and reduces the chance of disputes over results. Large size helps here too. Casino dice games tend to be very fast paced and it diminishes profit if pit bosses are always arguing with players over calls.

My question is, why aren’t RPG dice like this? You’d figure that at least the ones used in official tournament play would be.

I think there are several reasons.

  1. There usually isn’t a money involved. Money makes everything more serious. If money and betting were involved with RPGs (Something I’d be utterly appalled with.) you can be certain, things would tighten up a whole lot.
  2. Sometimes, for gaming geeks, half the fun of playing the game is arguing over rules and judgment calls. Hours are lost to mock protests and joking over dice cocking and misread sixes, nines, zeros and tens.
  3. Many gaming nerds aren’t really confrontational. Passive-aggressive is a key concept in understanding nerds in general. If they think a gamemaster or player is cheating, they just wait until the session ends and then, unless they are really desperate, they find another, more honorable group to join.
  4. Dice are art objects to some. Dice collection is elevated to the dignity of stamp collection. Casino legal dice enforce a boring sameness to dice. The variation space is small–change the color of the pips, change the color of the transparent body, that’s about it.
  5. Casino dice are very durable but considering the number of hands they pass through in a given day, they wear quickly. By definition, wearing (nicks, breakage and divots.) will affect the randomness of the dice. Casinos always swap old dice out when wearing becomes obvious. Casinos probably go through hundreds of dice a month this way. Can you even imagine cheapskate gamers doing this? Me neither.

It really all boils down to the fact that role-playing games are generally not betting sports with money. This is why many dice manufactures can get away with making dice that contain bubbles, variations in size and density and whose faces and edges aren’t true. As long as they look pretty, last long and are cheap most role-players don’t care.

Still, I see a hipness angle here. Perhaps some enterprising dice manufacturer can start marketing casino-grade four, eight, ten, twelve and twenty-siders at conventions and game shops. These dice would be:

  1. Large. At least two to 2.5 centimeters in size. This facilitates easy reading and clarifies desputes over dice loading.
  2. Transparent. Not translucent–transparent.
  3. Sixes, nines, tens, zeros and twenties are as clearly distinguished a possible.
  4. Obviously spots on faces won’t work for higher dice put perhaps for four-siders?
  5. The numbers should be very large in compasion to the face as long as this doesn’t interfere with glancing through the dice to check for loads.
  6. In the case of four-sideds perhaps some usuability research should be done to see if numbers at vertices is easier to read than numbers at edges.
  7. The plastic and injection molding must be of the highest quality. No bubbles, no ripples or distortions in the body must be seen. You should be able to look right through the dice as if it were lens-grade glass.
  8. The molds should be checked to assure that the edges and faces don’t vary from true by more than a few microns. I’m serious about this; the dice I’ve seen in shops are warped and bent garbage. Vegas would never stand for that.
  9. The plastic must be very durable.
  10. Numbers should be flush with the surface, not indentations.
  11. Numbers and body colors should be high contrast for readability.
  12. Edges should be sharp with no beveling or truncation (except perhaps for the vertices of the the four-sider.).

There, do all that, and you’d have dice that’d please most professional craps bosses. This could be sold as a quality and cool thing. Maybe the company that makes these can even bribe a state gaming comission official to certify them as legal for casinos. Some marketing slogans could be:

  • “Casino-legal, professional grade gaming dice. Highest quality, no nonsense.”
  • “Sure there’s no money, guns and mafia involved but, what if there were?”
  • “Electroplating and speckles is easy. Micron tolerances are hard.”
  • “Pretend you’re a Taiwanese real estate baron playing high stakes craps.”
  • “And you wonder why there are no sports figures making endorsements in our hobby.”

Maybe Chessex, Gamescience, Koplow or someone else will step up to the plate on this?

Posted in Games | 2 Comments

Louisiana 1927

I suppose I should say something about what has been happening on the Gulf Coast these last 7 days. A Randy Newman song, which this post is titled after, has been surfacing in my head over and over again these last few days. I don’t know what else to say. The whole thing is FUBAR and SNAFU. Relief has finally arrived after days of delay and now justified anger is setting in. Heads are going to roll for sure on this one. In Gulf Coast states, in the cities of those states and especially in the District of Columbia, heads are going to roll. They had computer simulations and studies for years that something like this would eventually happen and instead they slashed budgets and did nothing. Heads are going to roll. Shame on us.

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The Bet

And before you get the idea that it’s all glowing wonders and rose-tinted glasses here at the mighty, mighty Farlops Industries, let me say few words about an essay I read over at Worldchanging the other day.

This planet is great peril. Our implacable, relentlessly expanding technical civilization, which shows no sign of slowing or turning back, is simply not sustainable with current technology. We are consuming irreplaceable and dirty fossil fuels at a growing rate with no serious effort to remove the greenhouse gases they generate. With current technology and consumption habits, for every person on the planet to live as people in the United State would require at least ten Earths worth of energy and natural resources.

This is all old news. A growing number of people have known this since the Sixties.

A growing number of people have realized, but many prefer still to ignore, that what we’ve done, as a global civilization, is taken on a staggering, death-defying gamble. According to reliable data, we’ve got about only few decades to bring everyone on this planet within an ecological footprint of 1.9 hectares per person but still provide the prosperity of 10 hectares per person to billions more outside the post-industrial world. We only get one chance to do this. If we fail, there will be massive death looming in the future for humanity. It may spell the end for our species.

If things stay as they are, we are doomed.

Now some have proposed that there will be, or should be, some great, planet-wide miraculous change and everyone will agree to roll back to earlier technology and social structures.

This is bunk.

You talk to any kid in Nairobi or Lima or Ho Chi Minh City and they’ll tell you what they want. They’ve listened to the state-owned radio, seen satellite television in the village square, have even seen movies made in Bollywood. They’ve seen how the rich in their cities live. They’ve seen how the poor are fleeing rural villages for the slums and shanties of the new cities. They’ve heard stories about how people in the post-industrial world live, in Berlin, in Kyoto, in Seattle, in Sydney. How can they not know? They’ve seen our garbage. They wear our castoffs.

What they want is what we have. And many of them are desperate enough to do whatever is necessary to get it. If China has to cover the planet with nuclear reactors to attain a per capita standard of living equal to the citizen in the United States, they will do that. Nothing short of war will stop them from doing that.

And only the tiniest fraction of people in post-industrial societies are willing to abandon all technology and return to the savannah. No one is burying their cars. No one is casting away their mobile phones or computers. Ted Kaczynski simply didn’t think big enough. If he had precipitated a full nuclear exchange, maybe then he would have mattered.

Seeing this, it’s undeniable: We’re doomed.

The oil and coal will run out. The oceans will rise a few decimeters. The climate will change. The six extinction will continue. There will be growing famine, growing war, growing plagues. A lot of people will die. It may take hundreds of years but eventually, without resources to sustain it, our technical civilization will collapse.

I say all this to remind my friends that I am fully aware of what the stake is. This has been weighing heavily on my mind ever since I was a kid in grade school. The problem is so huge that everything seems to pale in front of it.

We are dealing with planet-sized social inertia. To change a culture takes decades. To change a world of cultures takes centuries. Think of how long it takes to make political and economic changes. At each level–from municipal, to provincal, to federal governments–this process gets slower and harder. At the global level it’s glacial. I don’t think social change will happen fast enough to win this death-defying bet.

Is there a way out? Are we doomed?

The optimist in me would say that science and technology will save us, that science and technology is the only thing that can save us. But as the deadline approaches, as we hurtle past Hubbert’s Peak, I’m beginning to doubt that we’ll outsmart our way out of this.

If anyone doubts my pessimism, let me point them here.

Posted in The Future | 2 Comments

Mice regenerate entire organs

Just read on Slashdot that Professor Ellen Heber-Katz and a team of scientists at the Wistar Institute (Within the University of Pennsylvania.) have engineered a mouse that appears to be able to fully regenerate damage to any organ in its body except the brain.

Black and white photo of Professor Heber-Katz with a mouse in her hand, taken by Jim Graham

If this is true and can be repeated in other labs and if it can be easily applied to humans, it would be a monumental step forward for medicine.

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